وَ اٰتُوا النِّسَآءَ صَدُقٰتِہِنَّ نِحۡلَۃً ؕ فَاِنۡ طِبۡنَ لَکُمۡ عَنۡ شَیۡءٍ مِّنۡہُ نَفۡسًا فَکُلُوۡہُ ہَنِیۡٓــًٔا مَّرِیۡٓــًٔا ﴿۵﴾
وَءَاتُواْ ٱلنِّسَآءَ صَدُقَٰتِهِنَّ نِحۡلَةٗۚ فَإِن طِبۡنَ لَكُمۡ عَن شَيۡءٖ مِّنۡهُ نَفۡسٗا فَكُلُوهُ هَنِيٓـٔٗا مَّرِيٓـٔٗا
English
And give the women their dowries willingly. But if they, of their own pleasure, remit to you a part thereof, then enjoy it as something pleasant and wholesome.
English Short Commentary
And [a]give the women their dowries[563] willingly.[564] But if they, of their own pleasure, remit to you a part thereof, then enjoy it as something pleasant and wholesome.
563. Saduqat is the plural of Saduqah which means, dowry or a gift which is given to or for a bride (Lane). (close)
564. The verse may be taken to be addressed to both the husband and the relations of the wife. In the latter case, it would mean that the relations of a woman should not spend her dowry to meet their own needs, but should faithfully hand it over to her. Primarily, however, the verse is addressed to the husband whom it requires to pay the agreed dowry to his wife willingly, cheerfully and without demur. The words "giving the dowry willingly and cheerfully" also imply that the amount of the dowry should be well within the means of the husband so that its payment may not be a burden to him. He should be in a position to pay it willingly and cheerfully. (close)
English Five Volume Commentary
And [a]give the women their dowries willingly. But if they, of their own pleasure, remit to you a part thereof, then enjoy it as something pleasant and wholesome.[487]
487. Important Words:
صدقات (dowries) which is the plural of صدقة (saduqah) and not صدقة (sadaqah), as might be wrongly supposed, is derived from صدق. They say صدق فی الحدیث i.e. he was true in his speech, or he spoke the truth, or he spoke truthfully. صدق فی القتال means, he fought well: he gave a good account of himself in the fight; he was true to his duty in the fight. صدق فی الوعدmeans, he was truthful in his promise. The expression صدقه النصیحة والاخاء means, he was sincere to him in his advice and brotherly affection. See also 2:32. صدقة (sadaqah) of which the plural is صدقات (sadaqat) means, anything given to win the pleasure of God and a good reward from Him; alms and charity; Zakah, i.e. the prescribed tax of Islam for helping the poor, etc. صدقة (saduqah) of which the plural is صدقات (saduqat) as in the present verse, means, dowry or nuptial gift a gift that is given to or for a bride (Lane & Aqrab). Another word for it is صداق (or مھر) which Islam prescribes for every marriage tie, making it binding on the husband to pay to his wife. It is so called because it is a symbol of truthfulness and sincerity on the part of the husband.
نحلة (willingly) is derived from نحل. The expression نحل المراة means, he gave his wife her مھر or dowry. They say نحل فلانا i.e. he gave such a one willingly and cheerfully without expecting a return. نحلة means, giving a thing willingly and cheerfully without expecting a return; payment of the dowry to a wife; a free gift. نحلة is distinguishable from ھبة (a free gift) in that everyھبة is نحلة but every نحلة is not ھبة (Aqrab & Mufradat).
Commentary:
The verse may be taken to be addressed to both the husband and the relations of the wife. In the latter case, it would mean that the relations of a woman should not spend her dowry received from the husband to meet their own needs, but should faithfully hand it over to her. Some persons receive the dowry of their female wards from their husbands and then, instead of giving it to them, keep it for themselves. Primarily, however, the verse is addressed to the husband whom it requires to pay the agreed dowry to his wife willingly, cheerfully and without demur. Some people fix dowries for their wives and then hesitate or even refuse to pay them, expecting them and even urging them to forego the right. The verse condemns this evil practice.
The word نحلة (paying the dowry willingly and cheerfully) also points to the amount of the dowry being reasonable it should be well within the means of the husband so that its payment may not be a painful burden to him. He should be in a position to pay it willingly and cheerfully.
The clause, if they, of their own pleasure, remit to you a part thereof, applies to those wives who voluntarily and willingly give up or pay back anything out of the agreed dowry. It does not apply to a case in which the wife is asked or made to relinquish the whole or part of the dowry before it has been actually paid to her. According to ‘Umar, a woman might claim back her dowry even after she has given it up, if she has done so under any vestige of pressure.
The words, then enjoy it as something pleasant and wholesome, imply a compliment to such husbands as evoke a willing and voluntary response from their wives owing to their kind and loving treatment of them. In such cases the wives are so pleased with their husbands that they offer to them a part of their dowry out of their own free will, as a token of the true love that exists between them. (close)
اُردو
اور عورتوں کو ان کے مہر دِلی خوشی سے ادا کرو۔ پھر اگر وہ اپنی دِلی خوشی سے اس میں سے کچھ تمہیں دینے پر راضی ہوں تو اُسے بلا تردّد شوق سے کھاؤ۔
اُردو تفسیر صغیر
اور عورتوں کو ان کے مہر دلی خوشی سے ادا کرو۔ پھر اگر وہ اپنے دل کی خوشی سے اس میں سے تمہیں کچھ دے دیں تو یہ جانتے ہوئے کہ وہ تمہارے لئے مزے اور انجام کے لحاظ سے اچھا ہے تم اسے بے شک کھاٶ۔
Français
Et donnez de plein gré leurs dots aux femmes. Cependant, si de leur bon plaisir, elles vous en remettent une partie, alors profitez-en sans hésitation et avec plaisir.
Español
Y entregad de buen grado su dote a las mujeres. Pero si ellas, por su propia voluntad, os devuelven una parte de ella, disfrutadla como algo agradable y edificante.
Deutsch
Und gebt den Frauen ihre Morgengabe gutwillig. Erlassen sie euch aber aus freien Stücken einen Teil davon, so genießt ihn als etwas Erfreuliches und Bekömmliches.
وَ لَا تُؤۡتُوا السُّفَہَآءَ اَمۡوَالَکُمُ الَّتِیۡ جَعَلَ اللّٰہُ لَکُمۡ قِیٰمًا وَّ ارۡزُقُوۡہُمۡ فِیۡہَا وَ اکۡسُوۡہُمۡ وَ قُوۡلُوۡا لَہُمۡ قَوۡلًا مَّعۡرُوۡفًا ﴿۶﴾
وَلَا تُؤۡتُواْ ٱلسُّفَهَآءَ أَمۡوَٰلَكُمُ ٱلَّتِي جَعَلَ ٱللَّهُ لَكُمۡ قِيَٰمٗا وَٱرۡزُقُوهُمۡ فِيهَا وَٱكۡسُوهُمۡ وَقُولُواْ لَهُمۡ قَوۡلٗا مَّعۡرُوفٗا
English
And give not to the foolish your property which Allah has made for you a means of support; but feed them therewith and clothe them and speak to them words of kind advice.
English Short Commentary
And give not to those who are weak of understanding[565] your property[566] which Allah has made for you a means of support; but feed them therewith and clothe them and speak to them words of kind advice.
565. The words, "who are weak of understanding" have been substituted for "orphans" in the present verse to supply the required reason for the injunction, as well as to make it one of general application, including in its scope all such persons as are unable to take care of their property. In the case of grown-up imbeciles, the verse would be taken to be addressed to the State which should take effective steps to set up institutions like Courts of Wards to look after the property of persons who cannot manage it themselves. (close)
566. The verse speaks of the property of orphans as "your property", hinting thereby that the guardians of orphans should be very careful about spending their property and should treat it as their own. The expression "your property" may also signify "the property of the orphans which are in your custody". It is also possible that the expression has been used here to include all property whether belonging to the orphans or to their guardians. (close)
English Five Volume Commentary
And give not to the foolish your property which Allah has made for you a means of support; but feed them therewith and clothe them and speak to them words of kind advice.[488]
488. Important Words:
قیاما (means of support) is derived from قام i.e. he stood up. قام بالامر means, he undertook or managed the affair. قام علیهmeans, he took care of him or it. قام بالیتیم means, he supported or maintained the orphan (Lane). So قیام would mean, the act or state of standing; a means of support or sustenance.
Commentary:
The verse speaks of the property of the orphans as "your property," hinting thereby that the guardians of orphans should be very careful about spending the orphans’ property and should in this respect treat it as their own. The expression "your property" may also signify "the property of the orphans which is in your custody." It is also possible that the expression has been used here to include all property whether belonging to the orphans or to their guardians.
As special emphasis was laid in the preceding verses on the care and good treatment of orphans, there was a likelihood that some Muslims might too readily give orphans their money on demand from them. This verse cautions guardians against such a hasty step, because, being young and inexperienced, orphans might waste their money and might also thereby spoil their character. Muslims are, therefore, bidden to meet the legitimate needs of orphans but not to squander away their money, which is a means of their support and maintenance. The same injunction applies to the children or persons of weak understanding in general, the reason being the same in both cases.
The word سفھاء translated as "foolish" but properly meaning, "those who cannot take proper care of their possessions", has been substituted for the word "orphans" in the present verse to supply the needed reason for the injunction, as well as to make it of general application, including in its scope all such persons as are unable to take care of their possessions.
In the case of disabled adults, the verse would be taken to be addressed to the State which should take effective steps to set up institutions like courts of wards to look after the property of such persons as cannot manage it themselves. (close)
اُردو
اور بے عقلوں کے سپرد اپنے وہ اموال نہ کیا کرو جن کو اللہ نے تمہارے لئے (اقتصادی) قیام کا ذریعہ بنایا ہے۔ اور انہیں ان (اموال) میں سے کھلاؤ اور انہیں پہناؤ۔ اور ان سے اچھی بات کہا کرو۔
اُردو تفسیر صغیر
اور نا سمجھوں کو اپنے مال جنہیں اللہ نے تمہارے لئے سہارا بنایا ہے نہ دو اور ان میں سے انہیں کھلاٶ اور انہیں پہناٶ اور انہیں مناسب (اور اچھی) باتیں کہو۔
Français
Ne remettez pas la charge des biens qui vous appartiennent et qu’Allāh a fait pour vous un moyen d’existence, à ceux qui sont mentalement incapables de les gérer correctement. Aussi, nourrissez-les-en et vêtez-les et parlez-leur avec bienveillance.
Español
Y no entreguéis la custodia de los bienes que os pertenecen, que Al-lah os ha dado como medio de subsistencia, a los que son mentalmente incapaces de manejarlos adecuadamente. Por tanto, alimentadles y vestidles convenientemente y dirigidles palabras amables.
Deutsch
Und gebt den Schwachsinnigen nicht euer Gut, das Allah euch zum Unterhalt anvertraut hat; sondern nährt sie damit und kleidet sie und sprecht Worte der Güte zu ihnen.
وَ ابۡتَلُوا الۡیَتٰمٰی حَتّٰۤی اِذَا بَلَغُوا النِّکَاحَ ۚ فَاِنۡ اٰنَسۡتُمۡ مِّنۡہُمۡ رُشۡدًا فَادۡفَعُوۡۤا اِلَیۡہِمۡ اَمۡوَالَہُمۡ ۚ وَ لَا تَاۡکُلُوۡہَاۤ اِسۡرَافًا وَّ بِدَارًا اَنۡ یَّکۡبَرُوۡا ؕ وَ مَنۡ کَانَ غَنِیًّا فَلۡیَسۡتَعۡفِفۡ ۚ وَ مَنۡ کَانَ فَقِیۡرًا فَلۡیَاۡکُلۡ بِالۡمَعۡرُوۡفِ ؕ فَاِذَا دَفَعۡتُمۡ اِلَیۡہِمۡ اَمۡوَالَہُمۡ فَاَشۡہِدُوۡا عَلَیۡہِمۡ ؕ وَ کَفٰی بِاللّٰہِ حَسِیۡبًا ﴿۷﴾
وَٱبۡتَلُواْ ٱلۡيَتَٰمَىٰ حَتَّىٰٓ إِذَا بَلَغُواْ ٱلنِّكَاحَ فَإِنۡ ءَانَسۡتُم مِّنۡهُمۡ رُشۡدٗا فَٱدۡفَعُوٓاْ إِلَيۡهِمۡ أَمۡوَٰلَهُمۡۖ وَلَا تَأۡكُلُوهَآ إِسۡرَافٗا وَبِدَارًا أَن يَكۡبَرُواْۚ وَمَن كَانَ غَنِيّٗا فَلۡيَسۡتَعۡفِفۡۖ وَمَن كَانَ فَقِيرٗا فَلۡيَأۡكُلۡ بِٱلۡمَعۡرُوفِۚ فَإِذَا دَفَعۡتُمۡ إِلَيۡهِمۡ أَمۡوَٰلَهُمۡ فَأَشۡهِدُواْ عَلَيۡهِمۡۚ وَكَفَىٰ بِٱللَّهِ حَسِيبٗا
English
And prove the orphans until they attain the age of marriage; then, if you find in them sound judgment, deliver to them their property; and devour it not in extravagance and haste against their growing up. And whoso is rich, let him abstain; and whoso is poor, let him eat thereof with equity. And when you deliver to them their property, then call witnesses in their presence. And Allah is sufficient as a Reckoner.
English Short Commentary
And test the understanding of the orphans until they attain the age of marriage, then, if you perceive in them mature judgment,[567] deliver to them their property; and devour it not in extravagance and haste against their growing up.[568] And whoso is rich, let him abstain; and whoso is poor, let him eat thereof with equity. And when you deliver to them their property, then call witnesses in their presence.[569] And Allah is sufficient as a Reckoner.
567. Under no circumstances should the property of the orphans be made over to them before they attain puberty and are so mature of intellect as to take care of and properly manage it. (close)
568. The verse also warns guardians not to squander away in haste the money of their wards before they are old enough to take charge of it. The guardian, if he is poor, is, however, allowed a reasonable wage, which should be in proportion to the amount of work he does and to the value of the ward’s property. (close)
569. The property should be handed over to the wards in the presence of reliable witnesses as the word "presence" hints. (close)
English Five Volume Commentary
And prove the orphans until they attain the age of marriage; then, if you find in them sound judgement, deliver to them their property; and devour it not in extravagance and haste against their growing up. And whoso is rich, let him abstain; and whoso is poor, let him eat thereof with equity. And when you deliver to them their property, then call witnesses in their presence. And Allah is sufficient as a Reckoner.[489]
489. Commentary:
Guardians of orphans are enjoined to continue to test them so that if, after having reached the age of puberty, which according to some authorities is 18 years, and according to others 21, they are found to be capable of taking charge of their property, it should be handed over to them. But in no circumstances is it to be made over to them before puberty is attained and before they are so mature of intellect as to take care of and manage their property. If even at the mature age of 18 or 21, they are found to be incapable of managing their property, it may be withheld from them for a further period, with the sanction of the State.
The verse also warns guardians not to squander away in haste the money of their wards before they are old enough to take charge of it. The guardian is, however, allowed a reasonable wage, if he is poor, which should be in proportion to the amount of work he does and to the value of the ward’s property.
But if the guardian is a person of ample means, he should take nothing out of the orphan’s property. In that case, his should be a labour of love, done in hope of reward from God. This verse is not a repetition, but an explanation of 4:3 which contains a prohibitory injunction for such guardians as possess sufficient income with the addition that it allows a certain remuneration for guardians of meagre means.
The words, when you deliver to them their property, then take witnesses in their presence, have been added as a safeguard against all possible frauds as well as misunderstanding. The property should be handed over to the wards in the presence of reliable witnesses when both the wards and the witnesses are present, as the word "presence" hints.
The verse ends with a stern warning in the words, Allah is sufficient as a Reckoner. So all concerned should fear the All-Seeing and All-Knowing God. Indeed, the fear of being called to account before God is the only true basis of all righteousness and the real and most effective preventive against sin and iniquity. One should fear not only the punishment of God, but also losing His love and mercy. (close)
اُردو
اور یتیموں کو آزماتے رہو یہاں تک کہ وہ نکاح (کی عمر) کو پہنچ جائیں۔ پس اگر تم ان میں عقل (کے آثار) محسوس کرو تو ان کے اموال ان کو واپس کر دو۔ اور اس ڈر سے اِسراف اور تیزی کے ساتھ اُن کو نہ کھاؤ کہ کہیں وہ بڑے نہ ہو جائیں۔ اور جو امیر ہو تو چاہئے کہ وہ (ان کا مال کھانے سے) کلیۃً احتراز کرے۔ ہاں جو غریب ہو تو وہ مناسب طریق پر کھائے۔ پھر جب تم ان کی طرف اُن کے اموال لوٹاؤ تو اُن پر گواہ ٹھہرا لیا کرو۔ اور اللہ حساب لینے کے لئے کافی ہے۔
اُردو تفسیر صغیر
اور یتیموں کی آزمائش اس وقت تک کہ وہ شادی (کی عمر) کو پہنچ جائیں کرتے رہو۔ پھر اگر تم ان میں سمجھ (کے آثار) دیکھو تو ان کے مال انہیں واپس دے دو۔ اور ان کے جوان ہو جانے (کے خوف) سے ان (مالوں) کو ناجائز طور پر اور جلدی (جلدی) نہ کھا جاٶ اور جو کوئی مال دار ہو اسے چاہیے کہ وہ (اس مال کے استعمال سے) کلی طور پر اجتناب کرے۔ لیکن جو نادار ہو وہ مناسب طور پر (اس مال میں سے) کھائے۔ پھر جب تم انہیں ان کے مال واپس دو تو ان (یتامی) کے روبرو گواہ مقرر کرلو اور اللہ حساب لینے کے لحاظ سے (اکیلا) کافی ہے۔
Français
Et mettez à l’épreuve l’entendement des orphelins jusqu’à ce qu’ils soient en âge de se marier ; ensuite, si vous trouvez chez eux un jugement sain, remettez-leur leurs biens ; et ne les gaspillez pas à la hâte de façon extravagante de peur qu’ils ne soient en âge de les recevoir. Que celui qui est riche s’abstienne, et que celui qui est pauvre en prélève seulement ce qui est raisonnable. Et lorsque vous leur remettrez leurs biens, prenez des témoins en leur présence. Et Allāh suffit comme Comptable.
Español
Y probad el entendimiento de los huérfanos hasta que alcancen la edad del matrimonio; entonces, si los encontráis de sano juicio, entregadles sus bienes; y no los gastéis en extravagancias y deprisa antes de que ellos crezcan; quien sea rico que se abstenga; y el pobre que tome de ellos con moderación. Mas cuando les entreguéis sus bienes, llamad a unos testigos ante ellos. Y Al-lah es suficiente como Juez.
Deutsch
Und prüfet die Waisen, bis sie das heiratsfähige (Alter) erreicht haben; wenn ihr dann an ihnen Verständigkeit wahrnehmet, so gebt ihnen ihren Besitz zurück; und zehrt ihn nicht verschwenderisch und hastig auf, weil sie großjährig würden. Wer reich ist, enthalte sich ganz; und wer arm ist, zehre (davon) nach Billigkeit. Und wenn ihr ihnen ihren Besitz zurückgebt, dann nehmt Zeugen in ihrer Gegenwart. Und Allah genügt zur Rechenschaft.
لِلرِّجَالِ نَصِیۡبٌ مِّمَّا تَرَکَ الۡوَالِدٰنِ وَ الۡاَقۡرَبُوۡنَ ۪ وَ لِلنِّسَآءِ نَصِیۡبٌ مِّمَّا تَرَکَ الۡوَالِدٰنِ وَ الۡاَقۡرَبُوۡنَ مِمَّا قَلَّ مِنۡہُ اَوۡ کَثُرَ ؕ نَصِیۡبًا مَّفۡرُوۡضًا ﴿۸﴾
لِّلرِّجَالِ نَصِيبٞ مِّمَّا تَرَكَ ٱلۡوَٰلِدَانِ وَٱلۡأَقۡرَبُونَ وَلِلنِّسَآءِ نَصِيبٞ مِّمَّا تَرَكَ ٱلۡوَٰلِدَانِ وَٱلۡأَقۡرَبُونَ مِمَّا قَلَّ مِنۡهُ أَوۡ كَثُرَۚ نَصِيبٗا مَّفۡرُوضٗا
English
For men is a share of that which parents and near relations leave; and for women is a share of that which parents and near relations leave, whether it be little or much — a determined share.
English Short Commentary
[a]For men is a share of that which parents and near relations leave; and for women is a share of that which parents and near relations leave, whether it be little or much—a determined share.[570]
570. This verse forms the basis of the Islamic Law of Inheritance. It lays down the general principle of the social equality of man and woman. Both are entitled to a suitable share in the property. Detailed rules are given in the verses that follow. (close)
English Five Volume Commentary
[a]For men is a share of that which parents and near relations leave; and for women is a share of that which parents and near relations leave, whether it be little or much—a determined share.[490]
490. Commentary:
This verse, without giving the details, forms the basis of the Islamic law of inheritance. Detailed rules are given in the succeeding verses. The verse lays down the general principle of the social equality of man and woman. Both are entitled to a suitable share in the property. (close)
اُردو
مَردوں کےلئے اس ترکہ میں سے ایک حصّہ ہے جو والدین اور اقرباءنے چھوڑا۔ اور عورتوں کےلئے بھی اس ترکہ میں ایک حصّہ ہے جو والدین اور اقرباءنے چھوڑا۔ خواہ وہ تھوڑا ہو یا زیادہ۔ (یہ ایک) فرض کیا گیا حصّہ (ہے)۔
اُردو تفسیر صغیر
اور مردوں کا (بھی) اور عورتوں کا بھی اس (مال) میں سے جو ان کے ماں باپ اور قریبی رشتہ دار چھوڑ جائیں ایک حصہ ہے۔ خواہ اس (ترکہ) میں سے تھوڑا بچا ہو یا بہت (یہ) ایک معین حصہ ہے جو (خداتعالیٰ کی طرف سے) مقرر کیا گیا ہے۔
Français
Pour les hommes il y a une part de ce que laissent les parents et les proches parents, et pour les femmes il y a une part de ce que laissent les parents et les proches parents, que ce soit peu ou beaucoup – une part déterminée.
Español
A los hombres les corresponde una parte de lo que dejan sus padres y parientes cercanos; a las mujeres les corresponde también una parte de lo que dejan sus padres y parientes cercanos, sea poco o mucho: una parte determinada.
Deutsch
Den Männern gebührt ein Anteil von dem, was Eltern und nahe Anverwandte hinterlassen; und den Frauen gebührt ein Anteil von dem, was Eltern und nahe Anverwandte hinterlassen, ob es wenig sei oder viel – ein bestimmter Anteil.
وَ اِذَا حَضَرَ الۡقِسۡمَۃَ اُولُوا الۡقُرۡبٰی وَ الۡیَتٰمٰی وَ الۡمَسٰکِیۡنُ فَارۡزُقُوۡہُمۡ مِّنۡہُ وَ قُوۡلُوۡا لَہُمۡ قَوۡلًا مَّعۡرُوۡفًا ﴿۹﴾
وَإِذَا حَضَرَ ٱلۡقِسۡمَةَ أُوْلُواْ ٱلۡقُرۡبَىٰ وَٱلۡيَتَٰمَىٰ وَٱلۡمَسَٰكِينُ فَٱرۡزُقُوهُم مِّنۡهُ وَقُولُواْ لَهُمۡ قَوۡلٗا مَّعۡرُوفٗا
English
And when other relations and orphans and the poor are present at the division of heritage, give them something therefrom and speak to them words of kindness.
English Short Commentary
And when other relations and orphans and the poor[571] are present at the division of the heritage, give them something therefrom and speak to[571A] them words of kindness.
571. By the words, other relations and orphans and the poor, are here meant those distant relatives and orphans and poor persons, who, being not included among the deceased’s legal heirs, are not entitled to receive any part of his property as of right. The verse, though not giving a legal right of inheritance to them, exhorts Muslims, while making a will about the division of their property, to set apart a portion of it for them. (close)
571A. La-hum may also mean, in their favour. (close)
English Five Volume Commentary
And when other relations and orphans and the poor are present at the division of heritage, give them something therefrom and speak to them words of kindness.[491]
491. Commentary:
The Surah began by enjoining men and women to treat one another with kindness. Next, it exhorted believers to take care of orphans, for these matters have an important bearing upon social order. The present verse treats of yet another social subject of importance.
By the words, relations and orphans and the poor, are here meant those distant relatives, and those orphans and poor persons who, being not among the testator’s lawful heirs, are not entitled to receive any part of his property as of right. The verse, though not giving a legal right of inheritance to them, exhorts all true Muslims, while making a will about the division of their property, to set apart a portion of it for orphans and the poor and such distant relatives as are entitled to no legal share. A testator, however, can leave by will not more than one-third of his property to other than his lawful heirs (Bukhari ch. on Wasaya).
According to Ibn ‘Abbas, Ibn Musayyib, Ibn Sa‘id and Abu Ja‘far, the time referred to in the verse is when a person is about to make his will regarding the division of his property (Muhit). If nothing can be spared out of the property for this class of people, the testator should at least state in the will that they should be treated with kindness and he himself should also say kind words to them. The injunction laid down in the verse does not concern orphans particularly, but forms a part of the law of inheritance in general. As death leaves behind orphans, therefore, injunctions pertaining to orphans have been coupled with those pertaining to the disposal of a deceased person’s property. (close)
اُردو
اور جب (ترکہ کی) تقسیم پر (ایسے) اقرباء(جن کو قواعد کے مطابق حصہ نہیں پہنچتا) اور یتیم اور مسکین بھی آجائیں تو کچھ اس میں سے ان کو بھی دو۔ اور ان سے اچھی بات کہا کرو۔
اُردو تفسیر صغیر
اور جب (ترکہ کی) تقسیم کے وقت (دوسرے) قرابت دار اور یتیم اور مسکین (بھی) آجائیں تو اس میں سے کچھ انہیں (بھی) دے دو۔ اور انہیں مناسب (اور عمدہ) باتیں کہو۔
Français
Et quand d’autres parents ainsi que des orphelins et des pauvres assistent au partage, donnez-leur-en quelque chose, et parlez-leur avec bonté.
Español
Y cuando en la distribución de la herencia estén presentesotros familiares, huérfanos y menesterosos, dadles algo de ella y dirigidles palabras amables.
Deutsch
Und wenn (andere) Verwandte und Waisen und Arme bei der Erbteilung zugegen sind, so gebt ihnen etwas davon und sprecht Worte der Güte zu ihnen.
وَ لۡیَخۡشَ الَّذِیۡنَ لَوۡ تَرَکُوۡا مِنۡ خَلۡفِہِمۡ ذُرِّیَّۃً ضِعٰفًا خَافُوۡا عَلَیۡہِمۡ ۪ فَلۡیَتَّقُوا اللّٰہَ وَ لۡیَقُوۡلُوۡا قَوۡلًا سَدِیۡدًا ﴿۱۰﴾
وَلۡيَخۡشَ ٱلَّذِينَ لَوۡ تَرَكُواْ مِنۡ خَلۡفِهِمۡ ذُرِّيَّةٗ ضِعَٰفًا خَافُواْ عَلَيۡهِمۡ فَلۡيَتَّقُواْ ٱللَّهَ وَلۡيَقُولُواْ قَوۡلٗا سَدِيدًا
English
And let those fear God who, if they should leave behind them their own weak offspring, would be anxious for them. Let them, therefore, fear Allah and let them say the right word.
English Short Commentary
And let those fear Allah who, if they should leave behind them weak offspring, would be afraid on their account. Let them, therefore, fear Allah and let them say the right word.[572]
572. The verse contains a strong and highly forceful appeal in favour of the orphans. (close)
English Five Volume Commentary
And let those fear God who, if they should leave behind them their own weak offspring, would be anxious for them. Let them, therefore, fear Allah and let them say the right word.[492]
492. Commentary:
The verse contains a strong and highly forceful appeal in favour of orphans. Those to whom the guardianship of orphans is entrusted are told to imagine just how they would feel if they knew that they were to die leaving behind little children and no one to take care of them. The implication is that they should treat their wards as kindly as they would like their own little children to be treated in case of their own death. (close)
اُردو
اور وہ لوگ اس بات سے ڈریں کہ اگر وہ اپنے پیچھے کمزور اولاد چھوڑ جاتے تو اُن کے بارہ میں خوف کھاتے۔ پس چاہئے کہ وہ اللہ سے ڈریں اور صاف سیدھی بات کہیں۔
اُردو تفسیر صغیر
اور جو لوگ ڈرتے ہوں کہ اگر وہ اپنے بعد کمزور اولاد چھوڑ گئے تو اس کا کیا بنے گا ان کو (دوسرے یتیموں کے متعلق بھی) اللہ کے ڈر سے کام لینا چاہیئے اور چاہیئے کہ وہ صاف اور سیدھی بات کہیں۔
Français
Et qu’ils craignent Allāh, ceux qui, s’ils devaient laisser derrière eux leurs propres enfants faibles, craindraient pour eux. Qu’ils craignent donc Allāh et qu’ils parlent avec droiture.
Español
Y teman a Dios quienes, si dejaran tras ellos una descendencia débil, se sentirían angustiados por ella. Que teman a Al-lah y digan la palabra justa.
Deutsch
Und jene mögen (Gott) fürchten, die, sollten sie selbst schwache Nachkommen hinterlassen, um sie besorgt wären. Mögen sie daher Allah fürchten und das rechte Wort sprechen.
اِنَّ الَّذِیۡنَ یَاۡکُلُوۡنَ اَمۡوَالَ الۡیَتٰمٰی ظُلۡمًا اِنَّمَا یَاۡکُلُوۡنَ فِیۡ بُطُوۡنِہِمۡ نَارًا ؕ وَ سَیَصۡلَوۡنَ سَعِیۡرًا ﴿٪۱۱﴾
إِنَّ ٱلَّذِينَ يَأۡكُلُونَ أَمۡوَٰلَ ٱلۡيَتَٰمَىٰ ظُلۡمًا إِنَّمَا يَأۡكُلُونَ فِي بُطُونِهِمۡ نَارٗاۖ وَسَيَصۡلَوۡنَ سَعِيرٗا
English
Surely, they who devour the property of orphans unjustly, only swallow fire into their bellies, and they shall burn in a blazing fire.
English Short Commentary
Surely, [a]they who devour the property of orphans unjustly, only swallow fire into their bellies, and they shall burn in a blazing fire.
English Five Volume Commentary
Surely, [a]they who devour the property of orphans unjustly, only swallow fire into their bellies, and they shall burn in a blazing fire.[493]
493. Important Words:
یصلون (burn) is derived from صلی. They say صلی اللحم i.e. he roasted the meat. صلی الشیء means, he threw the thing into the fire to be burned. صلی النار means, he felt the burning heat of the fire, or he entered the fire and was burnt (Aqrab).
Commentary:
The words, into their bellies, in the clause, (they) only swallow fire into their bellies, though seemingly superfluous are not really so. They have been added to point out that the fire which they swallow will, as it were, become a part of their bodies and continue as a constant source of burning. (close)
اُردو
یقیناً وہ لوگ جو یتیموں کا مال ازرہِ ظلم کھاتے ہیں وہ اپنے پیٹوں میں محض آگ جھونکتے ہیں۔ اور یقیناً وہ بھڑکتی ہوئی آگ میں پڑیں گے۔
اُردو تفسیر صغیر
جو لوگ ظلم سے یتیموں کے مال کھاتے ہیں وہ یقیناً اپنے پیٹوں میں صرف آگ بھرتے ہیں اور وہ یقیناً شعلہ زن آگ میں داخل ہوں گے۔
Français
Assurément, ceux qui dévorent injustement les biens des orphelins, n’avalent que du feu dans leur ventre et ils brûleront dans une Fournaise.
Español
En verdad, quienes devoran injustamente los bienes de los huérfanos no hacen más que tragar fuego en sus entrañas, pues arderán en un fuego llameante.
Deutsch
Jene, die den Besitz der Waisen widerrechtlich verzehren, schlucken nur Feuer in ihren Bauch, und sie sollen in flammendes Feuer eingehen.
یُوۡصِیۡکُمُ اللّٰہُ فِیۡۤ اَوۡلَادِکُمۡ ٭ لِلذَّکَرِ مِثۡلُ حَظِّ الۡاُنۡثَیَیۡنِ ۚ فَاِنۡ کُنَّ نِسَآءً فَوۡقَ اثۡنَتَیۡنِ فَلَہُنَّ ثُلُثَا مَا تَرَکَ ۚ وَ اِنۡ کَانَتۡ وَاحِدَۃً فَلَہَا النِّصۡفُ ؕ وَ لِاَبَوَیۡہِ لِکُلِّ وَاحِدٍ مِّنۡہُمَا السُّدُسُ مِمَّا تَرَکَ اِنۡ کَانَ لَہٗ وَلَدٌ ۚ فَاِنۡ لَّمۡ یَکُنۡ لَّہٗ وَلَدٌ وَّ وَرِثَہٗۤ اَبَوٰہُ فَلِاُمِّہِ الثُّلُثُ ۚ فَاِنۡ کَانَ لَہٗۤ اِخۡوَۃٌ فَلِاُمِّہِ السُّدُسُ مِنۡۢ بَعۡدِ وَصِیَّۃٍ یُّوۡصِیۡ بِہَاۤ اَوۡ دَیۡنٍ ؕ اٰبَآؤُکُمۡ وَ اَبۡنَآؤُکُمۡ لَا تَدۡرُوۡنَ اَیُّہُمۡ اَقۡرَبُ لَکُمۡ نَفۡعًا ؕ فَرِیۡضَۃً مِّنَ اللّٰہِ ؕ اِنَّ اللّٰہَ کَانَ عَلِیۡمًا حَکِیۡمًا ﴿۱۲﴾
يُوصِيكُمُ ٱللَّهُ فِيٓ أَوۡلَٰدِكُمۡۖ لِلذَّكَرِ مِثۡلُ حَظِّ ٱلۡأُنثَيَيۡنِۚ فَإِن كُنَّ نِسَآءٗ فَوۡقَ ٱثۡنَتَيۡنِ فَلَهُنَّ ثُلُثَا مَا تَرَكَۖ وَإِن كَانَتۡ وَٰحِدَةٗ فَلَهَا ٱلنِّصۡفُۚ وَلِأَبَوَيۡهِ لِكُلِّ وَٰحِدٖ مِّنۡهُمَا ٱلسُّدُسُ مِمَّا تَرَكَ إِن كَانَ لَهُۥ وَلَدٞۚ فَإِن لَّمۡ يَكُن لَّهُۥ وَلَدٞ وَوَرِثَهُۥٓ أَبَوَاهُ فَلِأُمِّهِ ٱلثُّلُثُۚ فَإِن كَانَ لَهُۥٓ إِخۡوَةٞ فَلِأُمِّهِ ٱلسُّدُسُۚ مِنۢ بَعۡدِ وَصِيَّةٖ يُوصِي بِهَآ أَوۡ دَيۡنٍۗ ءَابَآؤُكُمۡ وَأَبۡنَآؤُكُمۡ لَا تَدۡرُونَ أَيُّهُمۡ أَقۡرَبُ لَكُمۡ نَفۡعٗاۚ فَرِيضَةٗ مِّنَ ٱللَّهِۗ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ كَانَ عَلِيمًا حَكِيمٗا
English
Allah commands you concerning your children: a male shall have as much as the share of two females; but if there be females only, numbering more than two, then they shall have two-thirds of what the deceased leaves; and if there be one, she shall have the half. And his parents shall have each of them a sixth of the inheritance, if he have a child; but if he have no child and his parents be his heirs, then his mother shall have a third; and if he have brothers and sisters, then his mother shall have a sixth, after the payment of any bequests he may have bequeathed or of debt. Your fathers and your children, you know not which of them is nearest to you in benefit. This fixing of portions is from Allah. Surely, Allah is All- Knowing, Wise.
English Short Commentary
Allah commands you concerning your children; a [b]male shall have as much as the share of two females; but if there be females only, numbering more than two, then they shall have two-thirds of what the deceased leave; and if there be one, she shall have the half. And his parents[573] each of them a sixth of the inheritance, if he have a child,[574] but if he have no child and his parents be his heirs, then his mother shall have a third; and if he have brothers and sisters, then his mother shall have a sixth, after the payment of any bequests he may have bequeathed or of debts. Your fathers and your children; you know not which of them is more beneficent to you. This fixing of portions[574A] is from Allah. Surely, Allah is All-Knowing, Wise.
573. Father and mother both (Lane). (close)
574. Walad means, (1) a child, son, daughter or a young one; (2) children, sons, daughters, offspring or young ones. The word is used both as singular and plural, feminine and masculine (Lane). (close)
574A. The verse prescribes suitable shares for all near relatives in the property of a deceased person without distinction of sex or order of birth. Children, parents, husbands and wives are the principal heirs who, if alive, get suitable shares in all circumstances, other relations having a title only in special cases. A male has been given double the share of a female because he has been made responsible for the maintenance of his family (Ma‘ani, ii. p.32). The verse begins by laying down a general rule as to the proportion of shares between sons and daughters. A son is to have as much as two daughters. So, wherever there are both sons and daughters, this rule will come in force. When, however, there are only daughters and no son, the verse allots two- thirds of the legacy to the daughters, if there are more than two of them; and one-half if there is only one. The share of daughters in case there are two is not expressly stated. But the use of the conjunction fa’ (but) in the clause, but if there be females only, numbering more than two, clearly points to the fact that the share of two females has been referred to in the preceding words "two females". Moreover, the share of two females can be gathered from what has already been said in the beginning of the verse about the ratio between the shares of the males and the females. According to that ratio, a son is to have as much as two daughters. Thus, if there be one son and one daughter, the son will have two-third. But as the share of one son has been made equal to that of "two daughters", the latter, in case there is no son, will have two-thirds, viz. the same share as has been expressly fixed for three daughters. Thus, the very construction of the verse shows that if there be two daughters and no son, they, too, as in the case of three daughters, will get two-thirds. If it had not been the object of the Qur’an to point to the share of two daughters in the clause, the words would have been something like this, "a male shall have twice as much as a female", and not as it is now. The verse speaks of three cases as regards the share of the parents: (1) If a person dies leaving one or more children, then each of his parents shall have one-sixth. (2) If a person dies issueless and his parents are the sole heirs (there being no wife or husband of the deceased person), then the mother will have one-third of the property and the remaining two-thirds will go to the father. (3) There is a third case, which is really an exception to the second case. A man dies without issue and his parents are his sole heirs, but he has brothers or sisters. Then, although his brothers or sisters will not inherit from him, yet their presence will affect the share of the parents, for, in this case, the mother will have one-sixth (instead of one-third, as in the second case) and the remaining five-sixths will go to the father. The reason why the father is awarded a larger share in this case is that the father has also to support the brothers or sisters of the deceased. The subject of inheritance is continued in the succeeding verse. (close)
English Five Volume Commentary
Allah commands you concerning your children: a [b]male shall have as much as the share of two females; but if there be females only,numbering more than two, then they shall have two-thirds of what the deceased leaves; and if there be one, she shall have the half. And his parents shall have each of them a sixth of the inheritance, if he have a child; but if he have no child and his parents be his heirs, then his mother shall have a third; and if he have brothers and sisters, then his mother shall have a sixth, after the payment of any bequests he may have bequeathed or of debt. Your fathers and your children, you know not which of them is nearest to you in benefit. This fixing of portions is from Allah. Surely, Allah is All-Knowing, Wise.[494]
494. Important Words:
ابویه (his parents) is really ابوینه, the letter ن being dropped owing to اضافة. The word ابوین is the genitive of ابوان which is the dual form of اب which is originally ابو meaning, father or grandfather or any male ancestor or paternal uncle. ابوانliterally meaning "two fathers" signifies "father and mother" (Lane).
ولد (child) is very general in its significance meaning: (1) a child, son, daughter or a young one; (2) children, sons, daughters, offspring or young ones. Thus the word is used both as singular and plural, feminine and masculine (Lane).
Commentary:
This and the succeeding verse combined with the last verse of the Surah give the Islamic law of inheritance in a nutshell.
Islam prescribes suitable shares for all near relatives in the property of a deceased person without distinction of sex or order of birth. Children, parents, husbands and wives are the principal heirs who, if alive, get suitable shares in all circumstances, other relations having a title only in special cases. A male has been given double the share of a female because he has been made responsible for the maintenance of the family (Ma‘ani, vol. ii, p. 32).
The Islamic law of inheritance is perfect and it safeguards against all evils that result from laws prescribed by, or in vogue in, other faiths and communities. It aims at a fair distribution of wealth and equal chances of progress for all. To give the property of a deceased parent to the firstborn son only or to exclude the female members from inheritance or to disinherit parents in the presence of children has proved a veritable curse for society in many ways—moral, social and economic. The Islamic law of inheritance, reinforced by the system of Zakah (prescribed alms) and by the injunction prohibiting the giving and taking of interest, provides a golden mean between capitalism and communism—the two evil extremes of the present-day economic system.
The verse begins by laying down a general rule as to the proportion of shares between sons and daughters. A son is to have as much as two daughters. So wherever there are both sons and daughters, this rule will come in force. When, however, there are only daughters and no son, the verse allots two-thirds of the legacy to the daughters if there are more than two of them, and one-half if there is only one. The share of daughters, in case there are two, is not expressly stated. But the use of the conjunction فا (but) in the clause, but if there be females only, numbering more than two, clearly points to the fact that the share of two females has been referred to in the preceding words "two females". Moreover, the share of two females can be gathered from what has already been said in the beginning of the verse about the ratio between the shares of the males and the females. According to that ratio, a son is to get as much as two daughters. Thus, if there be one son and one daughter, the son will have two-thirds. But as the share of one son has been made equal to that of "two daughters", the latter, in case there is no son, will have two-thirds, viz., the same share as has been expressly fixed for three daughters. Thus, the very construction of the verse shows that if there be two daughters and no son, they too, as in the case of three daughters, will get two-thirds. If it had not been the object of the Quran to point to the share of two daughters in the clause, it would have been something like this, "a male shall have twice as much as a female", and not as it is now.
The above meaning is corroborated by a saying of the Holy Prophet himself. It is related that when a Companion of the Holy Prophet named Sa‘d bin Rabi‘ah died in the Battle of Uhud, leaving two daughters and one widow, his brother took away the whole property, leaving nothing for the two daughters. Thereupon the widow of Sa‘d went to the Holy Prophet and said, "Here are the two daughters of Sa‘d. Their uncle has taken the whole of his property and has left nothing for them." The Holy Prophet told her to wait till God should decide the matter. Then this verse was revealed and the Prophet called upon Sa‘d’s brother to give two-thirds of Sa‘d’s property to his two daughters and one-eighth to their mother and keep the rest for himself (Tirmidhi & Dawud).
The verse speaks of three cases as regards the share of the parents: (1) If a person dies leaving one or more children, then each of his parents shall have one-sixth; (2) If a person dies issueless and his parents are the sole heirs (there being no wife or husband of the deceased person), then the mother will have one-third of the property and the remaining two-thirds will go to the father; (3) There is a third case, which is really an exception to the second case. A man dies without issue and his parents are his sole heirs, but he has brothers or sisters. Then, although his brother or sisters will not inherit from him, yet their presence will affect the share of the parents, for, in this case, the mother will have one-sixth (instead of one-third, as in the second case) and the remaining five-sixths will go to the father. The reason why the father is awarded a larger share in this case is that the father has also to support the brothers or sisters of the deceased. The subject of inheritance is continued in the succeeding verse. (close)
اُردو
اللہ تمہیں تمہاری اولاد کے بارے میں وصیت کرتا ہے۔ مرد کے لئے دو عورتوں کے حصّہ کے برابر (حصہ) ہے۔ اور اگر وہ دو سے زیادہ عورتیں ہوں تو ان کے لئے دو تہائی ہے اُس میں سے جو اُس (مرنے والے) نے چھوڑا۔ اور اگر وہ اکیلی ہو تو اس کے لئے نصف ہے۔ اور اس (میّت) کے والدین کے لئے اُن میں سے ہر ایک کے لئے اس کے ترکہ میں سے چھٹا حصہ ہے اگر وہ صاحب اولاد ہو۔ اور اگر اس کی اولاد نہ ہو اور اس کے والدین نے اس کا ورثہ پایا ہو تو اس کی ماں کے لئے تیسرا حصہ ہے اور اگر اس (میّت) کے بھائی (بہن) ہوں تو پھر اس کی ماں کے لئے چھٹا حصہ ہوگا، وصیت کی ادائیگی کے بعد جو اس نے کی ہو یا قرض چُکانے کے بعد۔ تمہارے آباءاور تمہاری اولاد، تم نہیں جانتے کہ ان میں سے کون نفع پہنچانے میں تمہارے زیادہ قریب ہے۔ یہ اللہ کی طرف سے فریضہ ہے۔ یقیناً اللہ دائمی علم رکھنے والا (اور) حکمت والا ہے۔
اُردو تفسیر صغیر
اللہ تمہاری اولاد کے متعلق تمہیں حکم دیتا ہے (کہ) (ایک) مرد کا (حصہ) دو عورتوں کے حصہ کے برابر ہے اور اگر (اولاد) عورتیں (ہی عورتیں) ہوں جو دو سے اوپر ہوں تو ان کے لئے (بھی) جو کچھ اس (مرنے والے) نے چھوڑا ہو (اس کا) دو تہائی مقرر ہے اور اگر ایک (ہی عورت) ہو تو اس کے لئے (ترکہ کا) آدھا ہے اور اگر اس (مرنے والے) کے اولاد ہو تو اس کے ماں باپ کے لئے (یعنی) ان میں سے ہر ایک کے لئے اس کے ترکہ میں سے چھٹا حصہ (مقرر) ہے اور اگر اس کے اولاد نہ ہو اور اس کے ماں باپ (ہی) اس کے وارث ہوں تو اس کی ماں کا تیسرا حصہ (مقرر) ہے لیکن اگر اس کے بھائی (بہن موجود) ہوں تو اس کی ماں کا چھٹا حصہ (مقرر) ہے (یہ سب حصے) اس کی وصیت اور (اس کے) قرض (کی ادائیگی) کے بعد (ادا ہوں گے) تم نہیں جانتے کہ تمہارے باپ (دادوں) اور تمہارے بیٹوں میں سے کون تمہارے لئے زیادہ نفع رساں ہے۔ (یہ) اللہ کی طرف سے فرض مقرر کیا گیا ہے۔ اللہ یقیناً بہت جاننے والا (اور) حکمت والا ہے۔
Français
Allāh vous ordonne au sujet de vos enfants qu’un garçon aura autant que la part de deux filles, mais s’il n’y a que des filles et plus de deux, alors elles auront deux tiers de ce que laisserale défunt ; et s’il n’y a qu’une seule fille, elle aura la moitié de l’héritage. Et le père et la mère du défunt auront chacun le sixième de ce qu’il laisse, s’il a un enfant ; mais s’il est sans enfant, et que ses parents sont ses héritiers, alors sa mère aura un tiers ; et s’il a des frères et des sœurs, alors sa mère aura un sixième, après paiement de tout legs qu’il aurait pu faire ou de dettes. De vos ascendants ou de vos enfants, vous ne savez pas lequel vous fait le plus de bien. Cette fixationdes parts émane d’Allāh. Assurément, Allāh est Omniscient et Sage.
Español
Al-lah os ordena en relación con vuestros hijos: el varón tendrá la arte de dos mujeres; pero si sólo hay mujeres, ennúmero superior a dos, tendrán dos tercios de lo que deja el difunto; y si hay una, recibirá la mitad. Y sus padres tendrán cada uno la sexta parte de la herencia si tuviera un hijo; pero si el difunto no tiene hijos y sus padres son sus herederos, la madre recibirá un tercio; y si tiene hermanos y hermanas, su madre recibirá la sexta parte, después de pagado cualquier legado que hubiera dispuesto o las deudas. En cuanto a vuestros padres y vuestros hijos, desconocéis cuáles de ellos representan un mayor beneficio para vosotros. Esta fijación de partes procede de Al-lah. En verdad, Al-lah es Omnisciente, Sabio.
Deutsch
Allah verordnet euch in Bezug auf eure Kinder: ein Knabe hat so viel als Anteil wie zwei Mädchen; sind aber (bloß) Mädchen da, und zwar mehr als zwei, dann sollen sie zwei Drittel seiner (des Verstorbenen) Erbschaft haben; ist´s nur eines, so hat es die Hälfte. Und für seine Eltern ist je ein Sechstel der Erbschaft, wenn er ein Kind hat; hat er aber kein Kind und seine Eltern sind seine Erben, dann soll seine Mutter ein Drittel haben; und wenn er Geschwister hat, dann soll seine Mutter ein Sechstel erhalten, nach allen etwa von ihm gemachten Vermächtnissen oder Schulden. Eure Eltern und eure Kinder: ihr wisst nicht, wer von ihnen euch an Nutzen näher steht. Eine Verordnung von Allah – wahrlich, Allah ist allwissend, allweise.
وَ لَکُمۡ نِصۡفُ مَا تَرَکَ اَزۡوَاجُکُمۡ اِنۡ لَّمۡ یَکُنۡ لَّہُنَّ وَلَدٌ ۚ فَاِنۡ کَانَ لَہُنَّ وَلَدٌ فَلَکُمُ الرُّبُعُ مِمَّا تَرَکۡنَ مِنۡۢ بَعۡدِ وَصِیَّۃٍ یُّوۡصِیۡنَ بِہَاۤ اَوۡ دَیۡنٍ ؕ وَ لَہُنَّ الرُّبُعُ مِمَّا تَرَکۡتُمۡ اِنۡ لَّمۡ یَکُنۡ لَّکُمۡ وَلَدٌ ۚ فَاِنۡ کَانَ لَکُمۡ وَلَدٌ فَلَہُنَّ الثُّمُنُ مِمَّا تَرَکۡتُمۡ مِّنۡۢ بَعۡدِ وَصِیَّۃٍ تُوۡصُوۡنَ بِہَاۤ اَوۡ دَیۡنٍ ؕ وَ اِنۡ کَانَ رَجُلٌ یُّوۡرَثُ کَلٰلَۃً اَوِ امۡرَاَۃٌ وَّ لَہٗۤ اَخٌ اَوۡ اُخۡتٌ فَلِکُلِّ وَاحِدٍ مِّنۡہُمَا السُّدُسُ ۚ فَاِنۡ کَانُوۡۤا اَکۡثَرَ مِنۡ ذٰلِکَ فَہُمۡ شُرَکَآءُ فِی الثُّلُثِ مِنۡۢ بَعۡدِ وَصِیَّۃٍ یُّوۡصٰی بِہَاۤ اَوۡ دَیۡنٍ ۙ غَیۡرَ مُضَآرٍّ ۚ وَصِیَّۃً مِّنَ اللّٰہِ ؕ وَ اللّٰہُ عَلِیۡمٌ حَلِیۡمٌ ﴿ؕ۱۳﴾
۞وَلَكُمۡ نِصۡفُ مَا تَرَكَ أَزۡوَٰجُكُمۡ إِن لَّمۡ يَكُن لَّهُنَّ وَلَدٞۚ فَإِن كَانَ لَهُنَّ وَلَدٞ فَلَكُمُ ٱلرُّبُعُ مِمَّا تَرَكۡنَۚ مِنۢ بَعۡدِ وَصِيَّةٖ يُوصِينَ بِهَآ أَوۡ دَيۡنٖۚ وَلَهُنَّ ٱلرُّبُعُ مِمَّا تَرَكۡتُمۡ إِن لَّمۡ يَكُن لَّكُمۡ وَلَدٞۚ فَإِن كَانَ لَكُمۡ وَلَدٞ فَلَهُنَّ ٱلثُّمُنُ مِمَّا تَرَكۡتُمۚ مِّنۢ بَعۡدِ وَصِيَّةٖ تُوصُونَ بِهَآ أَوۡ دَيۡنٖۗ وَإِن كَانَ رَجُلٞ يُورَثُ كَلَٰلَةً أَوِ ٱمۡرَأَةٞ وَلَهُۥٓ أَخٌ أَوۡ أُخۡتٞ فَلِكُلِّ وَٰحِدٖ مِّنۡهُمَا ٱلسُّدُسُۚ فَإِن كَانُوٓاْ أَكۡثَرَ مِن ذَٰلِكَ فَهُمۡ شُرَكَآءُ فِي ٱلثُّلُثِۚ مِنۢ بَعۡدِ وَصِيَّةٖ يُوصَىٰ بِهَآ أَوۡ دَيۡنٍ غَيۡرَ مُضَآرّٖۚ وَصِيَّةٗ مِّنَ ٱللَّهِۗ وَٱللَّهُ عَلِيمٌ حَلِيمٞ
English
And you shall have half of that which your wives leave, if they have no child; but if they have a child, then you shall have a fourth of that which they leave, after the payment of any bequests they may have bequeathed or of debt. And they shall have a fourth of that which you leave, if you have no child; but if you have a child, then they shall have an eighth of that which you leave, after the payment of any bequests you may have bequeathed or of debt. And if there be a man or a woman whose heritage is to be divided and he or she has neither parent nor child, and he or she has a brother or a sister, then each one of them shall have a sixth. But if they be more than that, then they shall be equal sharers in one-third, after the payment of any bequests which may have been bequeathed or of debt, without prejudice to the debt. This is an injunction from Allah, and Allah is All-Knowing, Forbearing.
English Short Commentary
And you shall have half of that which your wives leave, if they have no child; but if they have a child, then you shall have a fourth of that which they leave, after the payment of any bequests they may have bequeathed or of debt. And they shall have a fourth of that which you leave, if you have no child; but if you have a child, then they shall have an eighth of that which you leave, after the payment of any bequests you may have bequeathed or of debt. [a]And if there be a man or a woman whose heritage is to be divided and he or she has neither parent nor child,[575] and he or she has a brother and a sister, then each one of them shall have a sixth. But if they be more than that, then they shall be equal sharers in one-third, after the payment of any bequests which may have been bequeathed or of debt. And all this shall be without intent to cause injury to any one.[575A] This is an injunction from Allah and Allah is Wise, Forbearing.
575. Kalalah is (1) a person who leaves behind neither parent nor child, male or female; (2) a person who leaves behind neither father nor son. According to Ibn-e-‘Abbas he is a person who leaves no son irrespective of the fact whether his father is living or not. This would thus be the third meaning of the word (Lane & Mufradat). The brothers and sisters of a Kalalah fall under three heads: first, real brothers or sisters—offspring of the same parents (such brothers or sisters are technically known as A‘yani): secondly, brothers and sisters on the side of the father only (these are technically known as ‘Allati); thirdly, brothers and sisters on the side of the mother only, their father being not the same as that of the deceased (such brothers and sisters are technically called Akhyafi). It is to the last mentioned class that the commandment given in the present verse pertains; the law with regard to the first two classes of brothers and sisters having been given in the last verse of this Surah. The shares allotted to the brothers and sisters of the last-mentioned class are smaller than those allotted to the brothers and sisters of the first two classes, the reason being that the brothers and sisters of this class are on the side of the mother only, while the brothers and the sisters of the other two classes are the children of the same father as the deceased. In the property of a person who died as a Kalalah both brothers and sisters have equal shares, the usual ratio of two to one being not observed in their case. (close)
575A. The words. "without intent to cause injury to any one" are important. They mean that the payment of debts should not suffer by the payment of bequests. In other words, debts are to be paid prior to the payment of bequests. (close)
English Five Volume Commentary
And you shall have half of that which your wives leave, if they have no child; but if they have a child, then you shall have a fourth of that which they leave, after the payment of any bequests they may have bequeathed or of debt. And they shall have a fourth of that which you leave, if you have no child; but if you have a child, then they shall have an eighth of that which you leave, after the payment of any bequests you may have bequeathed or of debt. [a]And if there be a man or a woman whose heritage is to be divided and he or she has neither parent nor child, and he or she has a brother or a sister, then each one of them shall have a sixth. But if they be more than that, then they shall be equal sharers in one-third, after the payment of any bequests which may have been bequeathed or of debt, without prejudice to the debt. This is an injunction from Allah, and Allah is All-Knowing, Forbearing.[495]
495. Important Words:
کلالة (one who has neither parent nor child) is derived from کل i.e. he was or became fatigued, tired or wearied and could proceed no further; he was or became one having no child and no parent, the latter meaning being based on the former, as a person having no child or parent becomes, as it were, too fatigued for the racial march. کلالة is (1) a person who leaves behind neither father nor child, male or female; or (2) a person who leaves behind neither father nor son. According to Ibn ‘Abbas, کلالة is a person who leaves no son irrespective of the fact whether his father is living or not. This would thus be the third meaning of کلالة (Lane, Aqrab & Mufradat).
Commentary:
The first part of this verse determines the share of the husband and the wife in inheritance and needs no comment. The latter part deals with the case of a Kalalah, i.e. one who leaves neither parent nor child and whose property is inherited by his or her brother and sister. Now, if there is only one brother and one sister, each of them will get one-sixth. But if they are more than that, they will be sharers in one-third.
It should, however, be noted that in this respect brothers and sisters fall under three heads; firstly, real brothers or sisters, offspring of the same parents (such brothers or sisters are technically known as اعیانی a‘yani); secondly, brothers and sisters on the side of the father only (these are technically known as علاتی ‘allati); thirdly, brothers and sisters on the side of the mother only, their father being not the same as that of the deceased (such brothers and sisters being technically called اخیافی akhyafi). It is to the last-mentioned class that the commandment given in the present verse pertains; the law with regard to the first two classes of brothers and sisters being given in the last verse of this Surah.
The reader will further note that the shares allotted to the brothers and sisters of the last-mentioned class are smaller than those allotted to the brothers and sisters of the first two classes, the reason being that the brothers and sisters of this class are on the side of the mother only, while the brothers and the sisters of the other two classes are the children of the same father as the deceased.
It is also noteworthy that in the property of a person who dies as a Kalalah, as mentioned in the present verse, both brothers and sisters have equal shares, the usual ratio of two to one not being observed in their case.
The words, "without prejudice to the debt", are important. They mean that the payment of debts should not suffer by the payment of bequests. In other words, debts are to be paid prior to the payment of bequests. It was in compliance with this Quranic injunction that the Holy Prophet used to have the debts paid before the payment of bequests. The rights of other people must be safeguarded before any bequest made by the deceased is complied with. So strict was the Holy Prophet in these matters that he refused to perform the funeral service of the man whose debts were likely to remain unpaid.
It may incidentally be noted here that heirs are divided into two main groups:
1. ذووالفرائض (Dhawul-Fara’id), i.e. persons to whom Islam allots a fixed and definite share (1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 2/3, 1/3 or 1/6), or in the estate of a deceased person.
2. عصبات (‘Asabat), i.e. the heirs who receive the residue after the Dhawul-Fara’id have received their allotted shares.
It is, however, not necessary that a member of the first group should always remain a Dhul-Faridah. In certain cases, he may be both a Dhul-Faridah (sharer) and an ‘Asaba (residuary) and in other cases he may be simply an ‘Asaba.
The Dhawul-Fara’id (sharers) are 12 in number, four males and eight females. The males are: 1. father, 2. paternal grandfather, 3. husband and 4. half-brother on the maternal side. The females are: (1) daughter, (2) son’s daughter, (3) mother, (4) wife, (5) full sister, (6) half-sister on paternal side, (7) half-sister on maternal side, and (8) grandmother whether paternal or maternal.
The ‘Asabat (residuaries) are of four kinds: (1) ascendants of the deceased, i.e. father, paternal grandfather, etc. (2) descendants of the deceased, i.e. son, son’s son, etc. (3) descendants of the father of the deceased, i.e. full brother, brother’s son, etc. (4) descendants of the grandfather, i.e. full paternal uncle, paternal uncle’s son, etc. (close)
اُردو
اور تمہارے لئے اُس میں سے نصف ہوگا جو تمہاری بیویوں نے ترکہ چھوڑا اگر ان کی کوئی اولاد نہ ہو۔ پس اگر ان کی کوئی اولاد ہو تو تمہارے لئے چوتھا حصہ ہوگا اس میں سے جو اُنہوں نے چھوڑا، وصیت کی ادائیگی کے بعد جو انہوں نے کی ہو یا قرض چکانے کے بعد۔ اور ان کے لئے چوتھا حصہ ہوگا اس میں سے جو تم نے چھوڑا اگر تمہاری کوئی اولاد نہ ہو۔ اور اگر تمہاری کوئی اولاد ہو تو اُن (بیویوں) کا آٹھواں حصہ ہو گا اس میں سے جو تم نے چھوڑا، وصیت کی ادائیگی کے بعد جو تم نے کی ہو یا قرض چکانے کے بعد۔ اور اگر کسی ایسے مرد یا عورت کا ورثہ تقسیم کیا جا رہا ہو جو کلالہ ہو (یعنی نہ اس کے ماں باپ ہوں نہ اولاد) لیکن اس کا بھائی یا بہن ہو تو ان دونوں میں سے ہر ایک کے لئے چھٹا حصہ ہوگا۔ اور اگر وہ (یعنی بہن بھائی) اِس سے زیادہ ہوں تو پھر وہ سب تیسرے حصے میں شریک ہوں گے وصیت کی ادائیگی کے بعد جو کی گئی ہو یا قرض چکانے کے بعد۔ بغیر اس کے کہ کوئی تکلیف میں مبتلا کیا جائے۔ وصیت ہے اللہ کی طرف سے۔ اور اللہ دائمی علم رکھنے والا (اور) بڑا بُردبار ہے۔
اُردو تفسیر صغیر
اور تمہاری بیویاں جو کچھ چھوڑ جائیں اگر ان کے اولاد نہ ہو تو ان (کے ترکہ) کا آدھا (حصہ) تمہارا ہے اور اگر ان کی اولاد (موجود) ہو تو جو کچھ انہوں نے چھوڑا ہو اس کا چوتھا (حصہ) تمہارا ہے (یہ حصے) وصیت اور (ان کے) قرض (کی ادائیگی) کے بعد (بچے ہوئے مال میں سے ہوں گے) اور اگر تمہارے ہاں اولاد نہ ہو تو جو کچھ تم چھوڑ جاٶ اس میں سے چوتھا (حصہ) ان (بیویوں) کا ہے۔ اور اگر تمہارے ہاں اولاد ہو تو جو کچھ تم چھوڑ جاٶ اس میں سے آٹھواں (حصہ) ان کا ہے (یہ حصے) وصیت اور (تمہارے) قرض (کی ادائیگی) کے بعد (ہوں گے) اور جس مرد یا عورت کا ورثہ تقسیم کیا جاتا ہے اگر اس کا نہ باپ ہو نہ اولاد اور اس کا کوئی بھائی یا بہن ہو تو ان میں سے ہر ایک کا چھٹا (حصہ) ہوگا اور اگر وہ اس سے زیادہ ہوں تو وہ (سب) تیسرے (حصے) میں شریک ہوں گے (یہ حصے) وصیت اور (مرنے والے کے) قرض (کی ادائیگی) کے بعد (بچے ہوئے مال کے لحاظ سے ہوں گے) (اس تقسیم میں) کسی کو ضرر پہنچانا مقصود نہیںہونا چاہیے (اور یہ) اللہ کی طرف سے (تمہیں) حکم (دیا جاتا) ہے اور اللہ خوب جاننے والا (اور) بردبار ہے۔
Français
Et vous aurez la moitié de ce que laisseront vos épouses si elles meurent sans enfant ; mais si elles ont un enfant, alors vous aurez droit à un quart de ce qu’elles laisseront après paiement de tout legs qu’elles auraient pu faire ou de dettes. Et elles auront droit à un quart de ce que vous laisserez si vous n’avez pas d’enfant ; mais si vous avez un enfant, alors elles auront droit à un huitième de ce que vous laisserez, après paiement de tout legs que vous aurez pu faire ou de dettes. Et s’il y a un homme ou une femme dont la succession doit être partagée, et que lui ou elle n’ait ni parent ni enfant, et que lui ou elle ait un frère ou une sœur, alors chacun d’eux aura droit à un sixième. Mais s’il y a plus de deux, alors ils se partageront un tiers à part égale, après paiement de tout legs qui aura pu être fait ou de dettes, sans aucune intention de nuire à quiconque. Ceci est une injonction d’Allāh, et Allāh est Omniscient et Indulgent.
Español
Y vosotros recibiréis la mitad de lo que dejen vuestras esposas, si no tienen hijos; pero si tienen un hijo, recibiréis la cuarta parte de lo que dejen, después de pagado cualquier legado que hubieran dispuesto o las deudas. Si no tenéis hijos, ellas recibirán la cuarta parte de lo que dejéis, pero si los tenéis, recibirán la octava parte de lo que dejéis, después de pagado cualquier legado que hubierais dispuesto o las deudas. Y si hubiera un hombre o una mujer cuya herencia ha de ser dividida y no tiene padre ni hijos, pero tiene un hermano o una hermana, cada uno de ellos recibirá una sexta parte. Pero si fuesen más de dos, recibirán a partes iguales un tercio, después de pagado cualquier legado que hubieran dispuesto o las deudas, sin intentar causar sufrimiento a nadie. Esto es un mandato de Al-lah, pues Al-lah es Omnisciente, Tolerante.
Deutsch
Und ihr habt die Hälfte von dem, was eure Frauen hinterlassen, falls sie kein Kind haben; haben sie aber ein Kind, dann habt ihr ein Viertel von ihrer Erbschaft, nach allen etwa von ihnen gemachten Vermächtnissen oder Schulden. Und sie haben ein Viertel von eurer Erbschaft, falls ihr kein Kind habt; habt ihr aber ein Kind, dann hat sie ein Achtel von eurer Erbschaft, nach allen etwa von euch gemachten Vermächtnissen oder Schulden. Und wenn es sich um eine Person handelt – männlich oder weiblich –, deren Erbschaft geteilt werden soll, und sie hat weder Eltern noch Kinder, hat aber einen Bruder oder eine Schwester, dann haben diese je ein Sechstel. Sind aber mehr (Geschwister) vorhanden, dann sollen sie sich in ein Drittel teilen zu (gleichen) Teilen, nach allen etwa gemachten Vermächtnissen oder Schulden, ohne Beeinträchtigung – eine Vorschrift von Allah, und Allah ist allwissend, milde.
تِلۡکَ حُدُوۡدُ اللّٰہِ ؕ وَ مَنۡ یُّطِعِ اللّٰہَ وَ رَسُوۡلَہٗ یُدۡخِلۡہُ جَنّٰتٍ تَجۡرِیۡ مِنۡ تَحۡتِہَا الۡاَنۡہٰرُ خٰلِدِیۡنَ فِیۡہَا ؕ وَ ذٰلِکَ الۡفَوۡزُ الۡعَظِیۡمُ ﴿۱۴﴾
تِلۡكَ حُدُودُ ٱللَّهِۚ وَمَن يُطِعِ ٱللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُۥ يُدۡخِلۡهُ جَنَّـٰتٖ تَجۡرِي مِن تَحۡتِهَا ٱلۡأَنۡهَٰرُ خَٰلِدِينَ فِيهَاۚ وَذَٰلِكَ ٱلۡفَوۡزُ ٱلۡعَظِيمُ
English
These are the limits set by Allah; and whoso obeys Allah and His Messenger, He will make him enter Gardens through which streams flow; therein shall they abide; and that is a great triumph.
English Short Commentary
These are the limits set by Allah; and [a]whoso obeys Allah and His Messenger, [b]He will make him enter Gardens through which streams flow; therein shall they abide; and that is a great triumph.
English Five Volume Commentary
These are the limits set by Allah; and [a]whoso obeys Allah and His Messenger, [b]He will make him enter Gardens through which streams flow; therein shall they abide; and that is a great triumph.
اُردو
یہ اللہ کی (قائم کردہ) حدود ہیں۔ اور جو اللہ کی اطاعت کرے اور اس کے رسول کی تو وہ اُسے ایسی جنتوں میں داخل کرے گا جن کے دامن میں نہریں بہتی ہوں گی وہ ان میں ایک لمبے عرصہ تک رہنے والے ہوں گے اور یہ بہت بڑی کامیابی ہے۔
اُردو تفسیر صغیر
یہ اللہ کی (مقرر کردہ) حدیں ہیں اور جو (لوگ) اللہ اور اس کے رسول کی اطاعت کریں انہیں وہ ان باغوں میںجن کے اندر نہریں بہتی ہوں گی داخل کرے گا (اور) وہ ان میں رہتے چلے جائیں گے اور یہی بڑی کامیابی ہے۔
Français
Voici donc les limites fixées par Allāh ; et celui qui obéit à Allāh et à Son Messager, Il le fera entrer dans des Jardins sous lesquels coulent des ruisseaux ; ils y demeureront éternellement, et c’est là le triomphe suprême.
Español
Éstos son límites fijados por Al-lah; y a quien obedezca a Al-lah y a Su Mensajero, Él lo introducirá en jardines por los que corren ríos; allí morarán y será un gran triunfo.
Deutsch
Dies sind die Schranken Allahs; und wer Allah und Seinem Gesandten gehorcht, den führt Er in Gärten ein, durch die Ströme fließen; darin sollen sie weilen; und das ist die große Glückseligkeit.